Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement. (Answer in 250 words)

For Gandhi, non-cooperation with colonial rule had to be matched by constructive work that built swaraj in everyday social, economic and ethical life.

During Non-Cooperation

• Promotion of khadi, charkha and Swadeshi challenged colonial imports and generated dignity of labour.
• National schools and arbitration courts offered alternatives to colonial educational and judicial institutions.
• Campaigns against untouchability, communal disharmony, liquor and social stagnation broadened the moral basis of nationalism.
• Women’s participation and local volunteer organisation expanded the movement’s social reach.

During Civil Disobedience

• Khadi, village industries and self-reliance continued as economic resistance.
• Constructive workers promoted Harijan uplift, temple-entry efforts, sanitation, basic education and prohibition.
• Spinning, national language, communal unity and village panchayats linked political freedom with social reconstruction.
• Women’s mobilisation, forest participation and local campaigns translated civil disobedience into community action.

Significance

These programmes sustained morale during repression, created alternative institutions and connected swaraj with removal of social inequalities. Their limitations included paternalism in some approaches and uneven implementation, but they made nationalism participatory and ethical rather than merely anti-colonial.

Keywords: khadi; Swadeshi; Harijan uplift; prohibition; Nai Talim; village self-rule.