Discuss the aim and goals of Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Mention India’s commitments and initiatives to achieve the goals and targets of this framework giving suitable examples. (150 words)

The KMGBF, adopted under the Convention on Biological Diversity, seeks to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030 and achieve a nature-positive world by 2050.

Its four goals concern ecosystem integrity, sustainable use, equitable benefit-sharing and finance/implementation. The 23 targets include conserving at least 30% of land and sea, restoring degraded ecosystems, reducing pollution and invasive species, sustainable production, indigenous participation and mobilising biodiversity finance.

India’s updated NBSAP, National Biodiversity Authority and Biodiversity Management Committees operationalise access-and-benefit sharing. Project Tiger, Project Elephant, protected areas, wildlife corridors, mangrove restoration, MISHTI, the Green Credit approach and LiFE support conservation and sustainable use. India has also highlighted equity, common but differentiated responsibilities and technology/finance for developing countries.

Improve biodiversity data, community tenure and benefit sharing; align infrastructure, agriculture and finance with ecosystem limits and measurable indicators.

environment; sustainability; risk management; India