Discuss the merits and demerits of the four Labour Codes in the context of labour market reforms in India. What has been the progress so far in this regard? (Answer in 250 words)

Introduction

The four Labour Codes consolidate numerous laws to simplify compliance, widen social security and balance worker protection with formalisation.

Merits

• Common definitions, simpler registration and digital compliance may improve ease of doing business.
• Wage floors, expanded social-security concepts, appointment letters and recognition of gig or platform workers can improve protection.
• Occupational safety and industrial-relations rules may support formal employment if implemented fairly.

Demerits and progress

• Higher thresholds for standing orders or retrenchment permissions may weaken job security; strike rules and inspection discretion raise concerns.
• Implementation depends on rules, State harmonisation, fiscal support and registration of informal workers.
• Progress has been delayed by consultation and federal coordination. Build tripartite consensus, portable benefits, strong labour inspection and accessible dispute resolution.

Keywords: Code on Wages, OSH Code, IR Code, Social Security Code, formalisation, gig workers.