Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (Answer in 250 words)

The Model Code of Conduct is a consensual framework regulating campaign behaviour from election announcement to completion. The Election Commission operationalises it through supervision, directions and moral authority.

Evolution

• Originating as an agreement among parties, the Code expanded from general conduct rules to restrictions on official machinery, announcements and campaign practices.
• It now addresses communal appeals, hate speech, intimidation, bribery, misuse of government vehicles and publicity at public expense.
• The Commission supplements it through advisories, censure, notices, transfers of officials and referral under statutory criminal law where applicable.

ECI’s role

• Announces the schedule and thereby activates the Code; monitors parties, candidates, media and expenditure.
• Deploys observers, flying squads, cVIGIL-type complaint systems and technology for rapid reporting.
• Provides a level playing field by restraining incumbents from using public resources and ensuring access to voters.

Challenges

The Code is largely non-statutory, enforcement can appear selective, digital misinformation is fast-moving and prolonged elections complicate governance. Clearer legal backing, transparent decisions and stronger platform cooperation can improve credibility.

Electoral ethics; level playing field; official machinery; observers; cVIGIL; campaign finance; ECI.