e-governance projects have a built-in bias towards technology and back-end integration than user-centric designs. Examine. (Answer in 150 words)

E-governance can improve delivery, but platform-led reform may treat digitisation as the objective instead of citizen welfare.

Bias and effects

• Portals, databases and backend integration receive priority over language, accessibility and ease of use.
• Authentication failures, complex interfaces and mandatory online processes exclude poor, elderly and low-literacy users.
• Data collection without explanation reduces trust and privacy.

Correction

Use co-design, accessibility audits, assisted offline channels, outcome metrics, multilingual interfaces, consent-based interoperability and effective grievance redress.

Keywords: governance, e-governance, digital public infrastructure, citizen-centric design