Examine the pattern and trend of public expenditure on social services in the post-reforms period in India. To what extent has this been in consonance with achieving the objective of inclusive growth? (Answer in 150 words)

Introduction

Post-1991 reforms brought growth with gradual expansion of social-sector spending, but outcomes remain uneven across regions and groups.

Pattern and assessment

• Expenditure shifted toward education, health, nutrition, rural development and social protection, with States bearing a major share.
• Targeted schemes, DBT and rights-based programmes improved access, yet out-of-pocket health costs, learning gaps, malnutrition and regional disparities persist.
• Inclusive growth requires higher quality public spending, outcome budgeting, gender and social audits, and predictable fiscal devolution.

Keywords: social sector, human capital, fiscal devolution, outcome budgeting.