Explain various types of revolutions, took place in agriculture after Independence in India. How these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (10 Marks)

Post-Independence agricultural transformation involved technology, institutions and diversification rather than one single revolution.

Major revolutions

• Green Revolution: high-yielding seeds, irrigation, fertilisers and procurement in cereals.
• White, Blue, Yellow and Silver revolutions expanded milk, fisheries, oilseeds and eggs.
• Evergreen and horticulture-oriented approaches emphasised productivity with sustainability and diversification.

Contribution

• Higher yields and public procurement strengthened buffer stocks and the Public Distribution System.
• Rural employment, allied activities and marketable surpluses reduced famine risk and supported farm incomes.
• Food availability improved, but regional, nutritional and ecological inequalities persisted.

The next phase must be climate-resilient, water-efficient and nutrition-sensitive.

Keywords: agricultural development; Green Revolution; food security.