UPSC Previous Year Question | Mains GS2 | 2026

How far has the Indian federal framework been successful in accommodating regional and cultural diversities? Highlight the role of asymmetric federalism and suggest measures to make dispute resolution mechanisms more effective. (Answer in 250 words)

Answer

Introduction

Indian federalism combines a strong Union with linguistic reorganisation, democratic decentralisation and differentiated arrangements that accommodate a highly diverse society.

Successes In Accommodation

States reorganised on linguistic lines, the Eighth Schedule recognises languages, and the Fifth and Sixth Schedules protect tribal governance. Articles 371 and related provisions, special grants, inter-State Councils and coalition politics have enabled regional voice within national unity. Local self-government further deepens participation.

Role And Risks Of Asymmetry

Asymmetric federalism gives different regions tailored autonomy, cultural protection and administrative institutions rather than imposing uniformity. It can reduce alienation, but uneven arrangements may create perceived discrimination, implementation ambiguity and demands for further exceptionalism.

Dispute-Resolution Deficits

Inter-State water, boundary, fiscal and legislative disputes are slowed by litigation, political bargaining and weak institutional follow-through. The Inter-State Council is underused, tribunals face delay and Governor-related conflicts strain federal trust.

Measures

Revitalise the Inter-State Council with regular agendas and independent secretariat; reform tribunals with fixed timelines and technical benches; use mediation and objective data for water-sharing; strengthen cooperative fiscal forums; clarify constitutional conventions; and ensure Supreme Court compliance monitoring and parliamentary transparency.

Keywords

linguistic reorganisation; Fifth and Sixth Schedules; Articles 371; Inter-State Council; tribunals; cooperative federalism; dispute resolution

Topics: asymmetric federalism, constitutional design, federalism, regional diversity