UPSC Previous Year Question | Prelims GS | 2021

In the nature, which of the following is/are most likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil? 1. Fern 2. Lichen 3. Moss 4. Mushroom Select the correct answer using the code given below.

  1. 1 and 4 only
  2. 2 only
  3. 2 and 3
  4. 1, 3 and 4

Answer

Correct Answer

2 and 3

Explanation

Lichens (fungus-alga symbiosis) and mosses are pioneer organisms that can grow on bare rock, walls and bark without soil. Ferns generally need soil or humus-rich substrates, and mushrooms (fungi) depend on organic matter or soil for nutrition.

Topics: biodiversity, environment, lower plants & lichens, organisms surviving on soil-less surfaces