Mineral resources are fundamental to the country’s economy and these are exploited by mining. Why is mining considered an environmental hazard? Explain the remedial measures required to reduce the environmental hazard due to mining. (Answer in 250 words)

Introduction

Mining supplies energy, infrastructure and critical minerals, but excavation and processing alter landscapes and ecological cycles.

Environmental hazards

• Deforestation, habitat fragmentation, soil erosion and land subsidence damage biodiversity and ecosystem services.
• Overburden, tailings and acid mine drainage contaminate soil and surface or groundwater with sediments and heavy metals.
• Blasting, dust, noise and transport affect public health, agriculture and wildlife.
• Coal and mineral combustion or processing adds greenhouse gases; displacement can produce social conflict.

Remedial measures

• Rigorous cumulative environmental impact assessment, carrying-capacity studies, public consultation and compliance monitoring.
• Scientific mine planning, progressive backfilling, topsoil conservation, terracing, afforestation with native species and ecological restoration.
• Tailings safety, drainage treatment, dust suppression, water recycling, clean technologies and renewable energy at mines.
• Mine closure plans with financial guarantees, independent audits and post-closure monitoring.
• Protect biodiversity zones and community rights; ensure fair rehabilitation and benefit sharing.

Keywords: overburden, acid mine drainage, tailings, reclamation, mine closure, just transition.