Rajyasabha has been transformed from a ‘useless Stepney tire’ to the most useful supportive organ in past few decades. Highlight the factors as well as areas in which this transformation could be visible. (Answer in 250 words)

Rajya Sabha was once criticised as a secondary chamber with limited political significance. Its contemporary role has expanded because of coalition politics, federal assertion, complex legislation and stronger parliamentary scrutiny.

• Federal representation: It provides States a permanent forum in national law-making and protects regional interests.
• Political diversity: Governments without a majority in the Council have required negotiation and consensus.
• Continuity: Unlike the Lok Sabha, it is not subject to dissolution, preserving institutional memory.
• Expertise: Its members include experienced administrators, academics, professionals and public figures.
• Committee system: Department-related committees enable detailed, less partisan examination of bills and policies.
• Constitutional powers: Article 249 allows it to authorise Parliament to legislate on a State List subject in the national interest; Article 312 enables creation of All India Services.

The chamber has influenced economic reforms, social legislation, constitutional amendments, federal debates and scrutiny of delegated legislation. It has returned, amended or delayed bills, raised issues of State autonomy, examined executive accountability through questions and debates, and contributed to committee reports. Its role is particularly significant when the ruling party lacks a majority in the Upper House.

Frequent disruptions, partisan voting, bypassing of scrutiny through money-bill classification and reduced committee referral can weaken its effectiveness. Unequal representation of States and the absence of direct election also invite debate.

Rajya Sabha is now a meaningful revising, deliberative and federal chamber. Its contribution will deepen if conventions ensure consultation, committee scrutiny and respect for bicameralism.

Rajya Sabha; bicameralism; federal chamber; Articles 249 and 312; parliamentary committees; legislative scrutiny.