"The states in India seem reluctant to empower urban local bodies both functionally as well as financially." Comment. (Answer in 150 words)

The 74th Amendment envisaged democratic, capable municipalities, yet devolution remains incomplete because states retain decisive control.

Evidence of reluctance

• Functions listed in the Twelfth Schedule are often retained by parastatals and development authorities.
• Mayors have short tenures or weak executive authority; commissioners remain state-controlled.
• Own-source revenue is limited, property-tax bases are weak and transfers are uncertain or tied.
• State finance commissions are delayed and their recommendations are not fully implemented.

Way forward

Activity mapping, empowered mayors, predictable formula-based transfers, professional municipal cadres, GIS property records and accountable ward committees can realise subsidiarity. Strong cities are essential for inclusive growth and resilient service delivery.

polity, urban governance, municipalities, fiscal federalism