What are the major challenges faced by the Indian irrigation system in recent times? State the measures taken by the Government for efficient irrigation management. (Answer in 250 words)

Introduction

Irrigation faces groundwater stress, climate variability and inefficient distribution despite substantial investment in canals and wells.

Challenges

• Fragmented command areas, silted canals, seepage, unreliable power and inequitable tail-end supply reduce efficiency.
• Water-intensive crops, groundwater depletion, salinity, inter-State disputes and changing rainfall intensify risk.

Measures

• PMKSY, ‘per drop more crop’, micro-irrigation, watershed development and aquifer mapping promote efficiency.
• CADWM, participatory irrigation management, modernised canals, crop diversification, treated wastewater and water budgeting improve governance.
• Metered energy, community groundwater rules, efficient pricing and climate-resilient cropping should accompany infrastructure.

Keywords: PMKSY, CADWM, drip irrigation, aquifer mapping, participatory irrigation management.