What are the major reasons for declining rice and wheat yield in the cropping system? How crop diversification is helpful to stablise the yield of the crops in the system? (15 Marks)

Yield stagnation in rice–wheat systems reflects ecological stress, declining soil health and the diminishing returns of input-intensive monoculture.

Reasons for decline

• Groundwater depletion, salinity, waterlogging and inefficient flood irrigation.
• Soil nutrient imbalance, declining organic matter, residue burning and pest resistance.
• Climate variability, heat at grain filling, small and fragmented holdings and rising input costs.
• Monocropping and procurement incentives reduce farmers’ flexibility and biodiversity.

Role of diversification

• Pulses, oilseeds, millets, maize, fodder and horticulture break pest cycles and improve soil nitrogen.
• Short-duration and less water-intensive crops conserve water and spread income and climate risk.
• Livestock and agroforestry integrate nutrients and create additional farm returns.

Assured markets, extension, processing, insurance and region-specific procurement are needed for viable diversification.

Keywords: cropping systems; crop diversification; rice and wheat productivity.