What is the technology being employed for electronic toll collection on highways? What are its advantages and limitations? What are the proposed changes that will make this process seamless? Would this transition carry any potential hazards? (Answer in 150 words)

Introduction

India primarily uses RFID-based FASTag for automatic toll deduction, while GNSS-based distance charging is proposed for more seamless collection.

Benefits and limitations

• RFID reduces queues, cash handling, leakage, fuel use and travel time.
• It depends on tags, readers, network connectivity, correct vehicle classification and reliable grievance resolution.
• GNSS can charge by distance and reduce toll-plaza dependence, but needs accurate positioning and interoperable databases.

Hazards and safeguards

• Location profiling, cyberattacks, data misuse, erroneous deductions and exclusion of users without digital access are risks.
• Use data minimisation, consent, encryption, independent audits, offline fallback, transparent appeals and phased pilots.

Keywords: RFID, FASTag, GNSS, interoperability, privacy, cybersecurity.