Why is nanotechnology one of the key technologies of the 21st century? Describe the salient features of Indian Government’s Mission on Nanoscience and Technology and the scope of its application in the development process of the country. (Not more than 200 words)

Science and technology is best assessed through its developmental, institutional and implementation dimensions, with equity and resilience as the governing tests.

Nanotechnology manipulates matter roughly at 1–100 nanometres, where high surface area and quantum effects create novel electrical, optical, catalytic and mechanical properties. It can transform materials, medicine, energy, water and agriculture.

India’s Nano Mission, approved in 2007 and implemented through the Department of Science and Technology, supported basic research, infrastructure, human-resource development, collaborative projects and technology translation. Centres, networks and fellowships helped build an indigenous ecosystem.

Applications include targeted drug delivery, diagnostics, antimicrobial materials, lightweight composites, solar cells, batteries, sensors, water purification and nano-fertilisers. Benefits include resource efficiency and precision, but toxicity, environmental release, standards, lifecycle assessment and affordability require caution.

India should connect laboratories with industry and hospitals, fund scale-up and metrology, and enforce safety-by-design and disclosure standards. Interdisciplinary training, ethical review and affordable public applications can ensure nanotechnology advances development without creating hidden health or ecological liabilities.

Keywords: science and technology; emerging technology; nanoscience; Nano Mission