UPSC | Prelims GS | 2026

With reference to the Victoria Mode (VM) mentioned in the news, consider the following statements: 1. It is a recurring pattern of warm and cool sea-surface waters in the North Pacific. 2. It is distinct from the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). 3. Its negative phase was associated in the cited study with reduced moisture flow over parts of northern India. Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3

Answer

Correct Answer

1, 2 and 3

Explanation

Correct: D. The report describes VM as a recurring North Pacific warm–cool sea-surface pattern, separate from PDO, whose negative phase was linked to reduced moisture flow in northern India.

A is incomplete because statement 3 is also correct.

B is incomplete because statement 1 is also correct.

C is incomplete because statement 2 is also correct.

Topics: climatology, geography, pacific ocean variability, victoria mode