UPSC PYQ with Answers

Introduction Post-1991 reforms brought growth with gradual expansion of social-sector spending, but outcomes remain uneven across regions and groups.…

Introduction Food inflation is largely supply-driven and often persists because production, storage and distribution respond slowly to shocks.…

Introduction Land reforms succeeded where political mobilisation, administrative commitment and local conditions aligned to alter unequal agrarian relations.…

Introduction Millets are nutrient-dense, climate-resilient cereals that can diversify diets while strengthening farm resilience.…

Introduction Life-material patents sit at the intersection of innovation, public health, biodiversity and ethical limits on ownership of living resources.…

Introduction India primarily uses RFID-based FASTag for automatic toll deduction, while GNSS-based distance charging is proposed for more seamless collection.…

Introduction Untreated industrial effluent adds toxic chemicals, heavy metals and organic load to rivers, damaging ecosystems, livelihoods and public health.…

Introduction Environmental NGOs improve the evidence, participation and accountability surrounding project appraisal, especially where affected communities lack technical capacity.…

Introduction Narco-terrorism uses drug trafficking to finance, arm or influence terrorist networks, combining public-health harm with internal-security threats.…

Introduction The DPDP Act, 2023 responds to digitisation, privacy jurisprudence and the need to regulate processing of digital personal data in India.…

Introduction The four Labour Codes consolidate numerous laws to simplify compliance, widen social security and balance worker protection with formalisation.…

Introduction Regional aviation can connect remote regions to markets, healthcare, education and tourism while reducing spatial inequality.…

Introduction Irrigation faces groundwater stress, climate variability and inefficient distribution despite substantial investment in canals and wells.…

Introduction Buffer stocks, principally maintained through public procurement, moderate price volatility and support food security.…

Introduction Water stress requires demand management alongside technologies that expand reliable supply without shifting ecological costs elsewhere.…

Introduction Asteroids are rocky remnants orbiting the Sun; most are harmless, but near-Earth objects can cause regional or global devastation.…

Introduction Disaster resilience is the capacity of people, systems and infrastructure to resist, absorb, adapt, recover and transform after hazards.…

Introduction Urban floods arise when intense rainfall exceeds drainage capacity, with climate change increasing extreme precipitation and sea-level risks.…

Introduction Unresolved boundaries, difficult terrain and cross-border threats make border development inseparable from national security and local welfare.…

Introduction Social platforms enable mobilisation, disinformation, radicalisation, fraud and encrypted coordination while also serving legitimate democratic communication.…